Authors
Ruoff, H. P.
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of compensatory flux organizations in integral controllers, which are combined at the level of the controlled variable. Dependent on the controllers' relative setpoints two types of compensatory flux regulations occur, which have been termed delegated and isolated control. In delegated control one of the feedbacks submits its entire compensatory flux to the system, while the other feedback is the actual controller by neutralizing the excess flux of its antagonistic partner. In isolated control the compensatory flux of one of the controllers is negligible while the other feedback regulates the controlled variable alone. It is shown that delegated and isolated control can exhibit environmentally (i.e. perturbation) driven setpoint changes (rheostasis). A striking example is the photoperiodic control of Siberian hamsters' body weights. A third control type is metastable control. Here a single addition or removal or the application of a set of pulsatile or continuous additions/removals can cause a switch to the antagonistic partner's controller regime, but resets to its original control mode once additions or removals stop. High-affinity and low-affinity compensatory flux kinetics can be distinguished, which have significant influences on the control regions' extensions when viewed within a perturbation phase diagram. Integral windup can induce temporary metastable setpoint changes or even lead to robust perfect adaptation without integral feedback! How the setpoint in blood glucose homeostasis arises is still debated. A dual-controller approach with two setpoints can describe many properties of blood glucose homeostasis and the roles of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
Preprint server:
bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 12 Nov 2025.
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