Low-dimensional prefrontal representations of objects during working memory

Authors

Sakelliadou, D. G., Brincat, S. L., Miller, E. K., Lundqvist, M.

Abstract

There is an ongoing debate regarding the dimensionality of neural representations. Some accounts emphasize representation within low-dimensional subspaces or manifolds, while others suggest high-dimensional neural codes where neurons respond independently. Here, we investigate the dimensionality of prefrontal cortex (PFC) representations of visual objects held in working memory. We found that object representations are low-dimensional, occupying only 3-6 effective dimensions during both encoding and maintenance in working memory. Control analyses indicate this dimensionality was not limited by the number of objects tested (40) or neurons sampled (~100). We also compared PFC dimensionality to that of a well-established deep neural network model of its inferotemporal (IT) inputs and found an approximately 7-fold dimensionality reduction in PFC. These results suggest object representations are compressed into a low-dimensional manifold in PFC, which might be related to attractor dynamics for working memory, and might facilitate interaction with other variables and cognitive control.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 05 Jun 2026.

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