High-throughput discovery of arginine-depleted peptides enables effective antisense delivery for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Authors

Farquhar, C. E., Dow, N. W., Schissel, C. K., Bardhan, A., Callahan, A. J., Greer, C. D., Wright, A. M., Mitra, A., Ha, K., Castaneda, P., Thompson, E. G., Jinadasa, T., Oliver, R. A., Morgan, K. Y., Guerlavais, V., Pentelute, B. L.

Abstract

Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) are approved exon-skipping antisense therapeutics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but their clinical utility is limited by poor uptake in muscle tissue, necessitating frequent high-dose administration. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can enhance intracellular delivery of PMOs, yet conventional arginine-rich CPPs often cause dose-limiting toxicity, including renal damage, which hinders their clinical translation. To address this challenge, we developed a high-throughput, charge-based chromatographic enrichment platform capable of screening over 15,000 synthetic peptides, including sequences with noncanonical (abiotic) amino acids. This approach enabled de novo discovery of arginine-depleted CPPs with improved delivery profiles. Four lead candidates demonstrated efficient nuclear PMO delivery with ~10-fold lower in vitro toxicity compared to standard CPPs such as penetratin. The top-performing peptide, CXP1, showed robust splice-switching activity and favorable tolerability in both cellular and animal models. In dystrophic mdx mice, CXP1-PMO conjugates achieved greater exon skipping compared to PMOs conjugated to R6G at equivalent doses. Tissue levels of CXP1-PMO correlated with exon-skipping efficacy, establishing a clear pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. These findings highlight a mechanistically novel and translationally relevant discovery strategy, demonstrating the potential of high-throughput platforms to generate more effective CPP-based delivery vehicles for antisense therapeutics in DMD and related neuromuscular disorders.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 12 Jun 2026.

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