Microbial Metabolites Potentiate MAIT Cell Anti-Tumor Immunity Against Solid Tumors

Authors

Zhu, Y., Shen, X., Chen, Y., Ma, N., Zhang, C., Zhao, A. S., Tian, Y., Gumate, S., Huang, J., Lin, S., Wang, A., Agopian, V. G., Li, Y.-R., Yang, L.

Abstract

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells sense riboflavin metabolites through the monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule MR1, providing a unique opportunity to therapeutically mobilize a broadly shared T cell population without genetic engineering. Here, we show that the highly potent microbial metabolites, 5-OP-RU and 5-OE-RU, can be exploited as pharmacologic precision immune activators to drive human MAIT cell responses against solid tumors. Ligand stimulation in human co-culture systems elicited robust MAIT cell cytotoxicity, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and transcriptional states transformation. In vivo administration of riboflavin ligands 5-OP-RU significantly suppressed tumor growth in xenograft liver cancer models. Metabolite-driven MAIT activation also reprogrammed the local immune landscape, enhancing effector function and overcoming features of the immunosuppressive niche by markedly eliminating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These findings reveal that microbial riboflavin metabolites can power and redirect MAIT cells to solid tumors, establishing MR1-metabolite signaling as a tractable therapeutic axis for liver cancer and other solid malignancies.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 26 Jul 2026.

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