Elucidating biosynthetic pathways related to the synthesis of small halogenated peptidic natural products in marine sponge microbiomes

Authors

Loureiro, C., Schorn, M. A., Alanjary, M., Kuipers, B., Louwen, J. J. R., van der Oost, J., Medema, M. H., Sipkema, D.

Abstract

Marine sponges are known sources of bioactive natural products (NPs), many of which are produced by associated bacterial symbionts via encoded biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). A particularly interesting subclass of sponge-derived NPs is comprised of small, brominated alkaloids, which are recovered from diverse habitats and host sponge taxonomies. Despite having been described decades ago, most of these NPs do not have an elucidated biosynthetic origin. We queried metagenomes of several sponge species by making use of a minimal set of core enzymes that we postulate to be necessary to produce these small peptidic NPs: an FADH2-dependent halogenase and an AMP-binding adenylation enzyme. This revealed a variety of novel BGC architectures, many of which showed conservation among sponge host phylogenies and were encoded in the genomes of diverse sponge-associated bacteria. Furthermore, we identified a BGC in the sponge G. barretti that is potentially linked to the production of the iconic barettins, given its enzymatic machinery and specific acidobacterial origin. The present work contributes to the challenging quest to link orphan brominated NPs to their parent BGCs in the sponge holobiont and beyond.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 10 Aug 2026.

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