fNIRS reveals that live social interactions and visual realism influence neural responses

Authors

Kent, M., Deligiannis, E., Stubbs, K. M., Babin, K., Duerden, E. G., Culham, J. C.

Abstract

The human face is central to social interactions, supporting the ability to interpret others' mental states using theory of mind (ToM). We examined whether functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) would reveal brain-activation differences between live and pre-recorded social conversations in brain regions implicated in ToM. Furthermore, we examined whether activation depended on the visual realism of a social partner - viewed as a human or an animated avatar. By one view, social interactions may be dependent on how natural the social partner appears; by another view, social interactions may depend only upon the attribution of responses to a real human regardless of visual appearance. Neural activation for pre-recorded compared to live interactions was prolonged, consistent with extended cognitive effort. Activation patterns in the right temporoparietal junction differed between interacting with humans versus avatars, along with a stronger preference for looking at the eyes when interacting with a human (vs. avatar), underscoring the social relevance of real faces. Findings highlight the importance of both live interactions and facial realism in shaping social-cognitive processing, a finding with relevance for optimizing online social interactions.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 12 Aug 2026.

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