Chromosomal integration of blaCTX-M redefines the evolutionary trajectory of antibiotic resistance in E. coli through lineage-structured expansion

Authors

Danjean, M., Morel-Journel, T., Berti, V., Benhadid-Brahmi, Y., Gueye, S., Lougbegnon, H. C., Jacquier, H., Denamur, E., Bonacorsi, S., Siguier, P., Cornet, F., Campos, M., Petitjean, M., Birgy, A., Armand-Lefevre, L.

Abstract

The global CTX-M pandemic is considered a plasmid-driven phenomenon, yet chromosomal integration of blaCTX-M has been reported in various settings. Screening 451,174 publicly available E. coli genomes and retaining 2,269 CTX-M-E. coli long-read or hybrid assemblies, we found that 33.5% carried at least one chromosomally integrated blaCTX-M. Chromosomal integration was strongly structured by E. coli lineage and CTX-M variant, reaching 68.5% in ST38 and 43.9% in ST131. In the latter, integration rates varied between subclades with modelling, suggesting recent acceleration within the ST131-C2 subclade. Additional resistance genes were frequently co-integrated with blaCTX-M (33%), with architectures largely inherited from plasmid-borne structures. Integrations were mainly ISEcp1- or IS26-mediated (77.3% and 18.9%, respectively) and occurred across the entire E. coli chromosome without spared zones. blaCTX-M chromosomal integration is a widespread, lineage-structured component of the CTX-M pandemic, providing stable vertical inheritance that complements or may supplant plasmid-mediated dissemination in successful ESBL-E. coli clones.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 09 Oct 2026.

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