Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA(R)) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination

Authors

Strand, K. A., D'Angelo, H., Gerwing, A. M., Walters, I. R., Snyder, E. M., Ritter, A. M., Hite, E., Wijesundara, Y. H., Caplan, A. B., Ivanova, D. L., Allen, I., Han, Y., Antunez, L. R., Dey, A. K., Steadman, B. L., Brubaker, S. W.

Abstract

Prophylactic vaccines are commonly delivered using a multi-dose regimen with the goal of generating potent, durable protection against a specific pathogen. However, the requirement for multiple administrations can impede patient adherence and reduce overall protection. Designing a single-shot vaccine without compromising efficacy could significantly improve vaccine adherence and performance. Previously, it has been shown that atomic-layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al2O3) can be applied to spray dried, thermostabilized antigen-containing powders to produce alumina-coated vaccine particles that, when compared to a liquid control, elicit improved humoral immunity with response kinetics controlled by ALD-coat thickness. However, previous studies have not defined the particle release/antigen delivery profile of ALD-coated vaccines. The studies in this manuscript were designed to investigate how the kinetics of antigen release from ALD-coated vaccines impacts the timing and magnitude of the immune response relative to single- and multi-dose liquid vaccine regimens using two distinct antigens, Ovalbumin and the HIV-1 envelope trimer, N332-GT5 gp140. By combining longitudinal in vivo imaging and immunological readouts, we demonstrate that ALD-coated vaccines exhibit tunable, variable-rate release and deliver antigen in a unique, prolonged manner that results in an improved immune response to single-shot vaccination for difficult to target pathogens, such as HIV-1. Furthermore, using in vitro analytical methods, we confirmed the ability of our Atomic Layering and Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA(R)) platform to impart thermostability upon the N332-GT5 gp140 antigen, a clinically relevant HIV-1 immunogen, indicating the potential for ALTA(R) formulation to generate thermostable, single-dose vaccine products.

Preprint server: bioRxiv
The authors list and abstract were imported from bioRxiv on 07 Jan 2026.

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