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Summary
Neuropathology is the study of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neuropathologists diagnose and study nervous system samples collected during surgery and post-mortem evaluation. Like other organs, the brain and spinal cord can also develop tumors, which are affected by the infection process such as viruses and bacteria, and can develop into a variety of diseases, including diseases specific to the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. The analysis of neurons and brain tissue is essential for us to understand how neurological diseases behave and which tissues, cells and areas are affected.
Special stains play an irreplaceable role in the diagnosis of neurological diseases. If pathologists can correctly and skillfully apply special stains in daily neuropathological diagnosis, they can often achieve a multiplier effect with half the effort.
Introduction
TTC staining
Staining purpose: to show the tissue ischemic infarct location, and to measure the size of the infarct area
Histopathological description: normal tissue is red, and the infarct area is pale.
HE staining
Purpose of staining: Observe the pathological changes of the brain.
Histopathological description: loose and edema in the infarct area, telangiectasia and hyperemia, neuronal vacuole degeneration, some neurons shrink in triangles, the number of Nissl bodies decreases, and glial cells proliferate.
FJB fluorescent staining
Purpose of staining: Observe necrotic neurons.
Histopathological description: bright green fluorescence appears in necrotic neurons.
Nissl staining
Staining purpose: to display Nissl bodies in neurons, reflecting the state of neurons.
Histopathological description: dark blue granules of Nissl bodies in neurons and light blue nuclei. The number of Nissl bodies in the infarct area decreased.
Silver staining
Staining purpose: to show the condition of neuronal fibers.
Histopathological description: nerve axons, inner fibrils of nerve cells, neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and dendrites are black with golden background.
Congo red staining
Staining purpose: to show amyloid in the tissue.
Histopathological description: Amyloid is pink plaques under ordinary light microscope; amyloid is yellow-green birefringent under polarized light.
LFB staining
Staining purpose: to show the condition of nerve myelin, whether demyelination has occurred.
Histopathological description: The nerve myelin sheath is blue, and the background is light blue.
Golgi staining
Purpose of staining: Observe the state of neurons and count the changes in the number of dendritic spines.
Histopathological description: The processes of neurons and glial cells are black, and the background is light gray.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Experimental purpose: Observe the ultrastructure and pathological changes of neuron or glial cell nucleus, mitochondria, autophagosome, synapse, myelin sheath, blood-brain barrier, etc.
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