Authors
Zhuqin Xiang, Yaqi Huang, Bokai Yun, Dongpeng Li, Fengshuo Liu, Junliang Liu, Nan Xie, Zehang Zhuang, Jinsong Hou, Cheng Wang
Published in
Frontiers in oncology. Volume 16. Pages 1774998. Epub Jun 03, 2026.
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant health burden. Accumulating evidence indicates that tumor budding (TB) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are both associated with the survival prognosis of OSCC patients; however, the prognostic value of integrated TB and TLS has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to validate the prognostic value of TB and TLS in OSCC, establish a TB-TLS interaction model to assess the "invasion-immune" status in OSCC tumor microenvironment.
A total of 510 patients diagnosed with OSCC were included in this retrospective study. TB and TLS were assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining, and a TB/TLS index was established. Survival analysis and Cox regression were performed using R software, and a nomogram prediction model incorporating the TB/TLS index with clinicopathological factors was constructed and validated.
High-grade TB correlated with poor survival, while high-maturation TLS indicated favorable outcomes. The TB/TLS index exhibited superior prognostic discriminatory ability versus single biomarkers. Furthermore, a nomogram incorporating the TB/TLS index was developed and validated, demonstrating reliable predictive performance and good calibration.
This retrospective study validated the prognostic value of TB and TLS in OSCC. The TB/TLS index showed better discriminative ability. External validation demonstrated that the nomogram prediction model achieved moderate predictive performance despite substantial baseline differences between cohorts.
PMID:
42318463
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 19 Jun 2026.
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