Studying When to Add Biological Therapy to Cytotoxic Therapy in Advanced Cancer Care Using Real World Data: How to Avoid Design Choices That Generate Immortal Time.

Authors

Xabier Garcia-Albeniz, Julia Vila-Guilera, Manuel Zamparini, Helena Oliveres, Vicente Alonso-Orduna, Jaime Feliu, Ana Fernández-Montes, Marta Martín-Richard, Elisa Gálvez-Munoz, Ana Ruiz-Casado, Alfonso Yubero-Esteban, Jorge Aparicio, Julia Alcaide-Garcia, Javier Gallego Plazas, Carlos Fernandez-Martos, Rosa Gallego-Sanchez, Mónica Guillot Morales, Rubén Leno, Francis Esposito, Sandra Lopez-Prades, Míriam Cuatrecasas, Barbra A Dickerman, Joan Maurel

Published in

Cancer medicine. Volume 15. Issue 6. Pages e71950.

Abstract

Since real-world data lack information on treatment assignment (usually the only information available is treatment prescription/administration) and early outcomes can happen in advanced cancer, some design choices may introduce immortal time due to selection or due to treatment strategy misclassification.
To illustrate design choices that would biassedly introduce immortal time and propose unbiased alternatives, using as a case study the estimation of the effects of different monoclonal antibody (mAb) sequencing strategies on overall survival in colorectal cancer patients.
We specified a target trial to estimate the effect on overall survival of initiating mAb within 8 weeks of starting first line chemotherapy versus initiating mAb with second line chemotherapy. The first biased design choice would be requiring the initiation of second line chemotherapy for eligibility. This was avoided by aligning eligibility with the initiation of first line chemotherapy. The second biased design choice would be excluding from the first line mAb strategy those who die during the grace period without starting mAb. This was avoided separately via cloning, censoring and weighting and by sequential emulation.
There were 1014 eligible patients in GEMCAD 1401. The CCW approach estimated a 4-year survival difference (second-first line mAb) of 4.3% (95% CI) (-3.3%; 10.0%) and a risk ratio (RR) of 0.95 (0.88; 1.04). Sequential trial emulation estimated a survival difference of -2.8% (-7.5%; 1.2%) and a RR of 1.04 (0.98; 1.10). Biased analyses that introduced immortal time estimated an implausible early survival benefit for mAb initiation with second-line (6-month RR of 0.13 (0.03; 0.28)).
Our results are compatible with no effect on survival by mAb sequencing. Misalignment of time zero, treatment assignment, and eligibility introduced immortal time.

PMID:
42321955
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 20 Jun 2026.

Read full publication at:
Please sign in to see all details.

Stats

1-terrible, 9-excellent. How would you rate this publication? Sign in in to submit your rating.

Post a comment

You need to be signed in to post comments. You can sign in here.

Comments

There are no comments yet.