Authors
Luis Carmona-Rosado, Julia Díez, Roberto Valiente, Pedro Gullón, Alba Gasque, José Manuel Díaz-Olalla, Manuel Franco
Published in
Health & place. Volume 100. Pages 103698. Jun 23, 2026. Epub Jun 23, 2026.
Abstract
To evaluate the association between the availability of unhealthy food outlets in children's home and school environments and overweight/obesity in Madrid, while exploring effect modification by sex and family affluence.
We used individual-level data from a survey of 5,961 children aged 3 to 12 years. We created 400-m and 800-m street-network buffers around home and school addresses and counted the number of unhealthy food outlets within home, school, and combined home-school food environments. We estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using robust Poisson regression models adjusted for family affluence and population density. We also fitted stratified models by sex and family affluence.
Children with greater availability of unhealthy food outlets had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity, with stronger associations observed for the combined home-school food environment than for home-only or school-only environments. In stratified analyses, we observed positive associations with overweight among boys and with obesity among girls. Also, associations varied by family affluence, being stronger both overweight and obesity among children from more affluent families.
Unhealthy food availability in children's everyday environments may contribute to overweight and obesity, with differential patterns by sex and family affluence. Considering home and school environments jointly may capture more relevant spatial exposures than examining each setting separately.
PMID:
42335667
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 24 Jun 2026.
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