[Spatially Non-stationary Responses of Ecosystem Service Trade-offs to Anthropogenic and Natural Drivers on the Loess Plateau].

Authors

Bao-An Hu, Zu-Zheng Li, Hui-Feng Wu

Published in

Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue. Volume 47. Issue 6. Pages 3931-3940. Jun 08, 2026.

Abstract

Clarifying spatially heterogeneous relationships between ecosystem service （ESs） trade-offs and their drivers is fundamental to promoting ESs synergies through differentiated ecosystem governance and optimized landscape configuration. This study integrates multi-source data to quantify spatiotemporal dynamics of four key ESs （carbon storage， water conservation， habitat quality， and soil retention） across the Loess Plateau using the InVEST model. We systematically analyze trade-off/synergy patterns among ESs through correlation analysis and root mean square error decomposition and employ geographically weighted regression to reveal spatially varying impacts of anthropogenic and natural drivers on ESs trade-offs. The main findings were as follows： ① From 2000 to 2020， carbon storage and soil retention service on the Loess Plateau increased by 0.56% and 0.26%， respectively， while habitat quality and water conservation service declined by 0.11% and 0.18%， highlighting the potential carbon-water trade-off associated with regional vegetation restoration. ② Significant synergies were observed among carbon storage， soil retention， and habitat quality， whereas water conservation showed pronounced trade-offs with both carbon storage and habitat quality， with marked spatial heterogeneity in these trade-off effects. ③ The strength and direction of relationships between anthropogenic/natural drivers and ESs trade-offs exhibited spatial divergence. NDVI and mean annual precipitation emerged as critical factors mediating the trade-offs between water conservation and carbon storage as well as water conservation and habitat quality. Conversely， land-use change and elevational gradients exacerbated these trade-offs. The selected key drivers explained 69.1% and 70.9% of the spatial variability in water conservation-carbon storage and water conservation-habitat quality trade-offs， respectively. This study provides a transferable methodology for capturing spatial heterogeneity in ESs trade-off-influencing factor relationships， offering significant practical implications for formulating differentiated vegetation restoration plans and optimizing landscape patterns to enhance ESs synergies.

PMID:
42336435
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 24 Jun 2026.

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