Microalgae-Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Indonesian Chlorella vulgaris InaCC M205 with Potential Anticancer Properties for Biomedical Application.

Authors

Nunik Gustini, Debora Christin Purbani, Mega Ferdina Warsito, Riyona Desvy Pratiwi, Diah Radini Noerdjito, Fiddy Semba Prasetiya, Nico Rahman Caesar, Uun Yanuhar, Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi, Arien Dwitrie, A'liyatur Rosyidah

Published in

Cell biochemistry and biophysics. Jun 25, 2026. Epub Jun 25, 2026.

Abstract

Sustainable nanomaterial synthesis has emerged as a critical strategy to reduce the environmental burden associated with conventional chemical synthesis method. Microalgae-derived biomolecules offer a promising platform for the green production of metal nanoparticles due to their rich bioactive compounds capable of acting as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Here, we report the eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using extract of Indonesian microalga Chlorella vulgaris extract. To optimize the synthesis process, the effects of precursor-to-extract ratio, temperature, and incubation time were evaluated. Optimal synthesis of C5-AuNPs was obtained at 37 °C for 20 h with precursor to extract ratio of 6:4, resulting in moderately stable C5-AuNPs characterized by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 541 nm. Furthermore, Fourier-transmission infra-red (FT-IR) analysis revealed the involvement of functional groups of C. vulgaris extract in the interaction with Au⁺ during the production of C5-AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the formation of uniformly spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 8.8 nm. Biological evaluation showed that the synthesized C5-AuNPs exerted pronounced dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC₅₀ threshold of 21.17 ppm, while no toxicity appears in normal HEK293 cells. Mechanistically, the C5-AuNPs induced early apoptosis and inhibit cell-cycle progression at the stage of G0/G1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that C. vulgaris-mediated AuNPs represent a promising preliminary in vitro findings for cancer therapy candidate.

PMID:
42348115
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 25 Jun 2026.

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