Authors
Kosuke Morikawa, Takuji Oyama, Masayuki Oda
Published in
Biophysics and physicobiology. Volume 23. Issue 2. Pages e230014. Epub Apr 18, 2026.
Abstract
Cellular nuclei contain various nucleases that play major roles in gene expression and regulation. They are classified into various categories based on their three-dimensional structures and specificities. Since the discovery of ribozyme in the early 1980, one nuclease class has attracted significant attention. The cleavage reactions of these nucleases essentially require Mg2+ cations and produce a 5'-phosphate nucleotide and a 3'-nucleoside at the cleavage site of polynucleotides, similarly to the reaction of ribozyme. In particular, Drs. Thomas A. Steitz and Joan A. Steitz proposed an attractive and general model for the phosphoryl transfer reaction. This was later named the "two-metal-binding mechanism". In accordance with recent developments in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), many structural reports published about Mg2+-dependent nucleases or spliceosomes support the "two-metal-binding mechanism" for hydrolytic schemes. However, the direct visualization of Mg2+ on electron-density maps requires high resolution analyses, regardless of X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies combined with structural data support the similarity in hydrolytic mechanisms between ribonuclease HI (RNase HI) and restriction endonucleases. Since the late 2000s, molecular dynamics approaches have also appeared to support the hydrolytic mechanism of single mobile metals. This review aims to critically reconsider Mg2+-dependent hydrolytic mechanisms, with a particular focus on bacterial RNase HI.
PMID:
42371579
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 29 Jun 2026.
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