Evaluation of the immunomodulatory properties of Peronema canescens leaf fractions: A molecular and chemical analysis.

Authors

Ade Erma Suryani, Khoirun Nisa, Sri Handayani, Sri Handyani, Anastasia Wheni Indrianingsih, Wafda Naufi Marva Nuzulia, Hastari Wuryastuty, Yanuartono Yanuartono

Published in

Open veterinary journal. Volume 15. Issue 12. Pages 6856-6871. Epub Dec 31, 2025.

Abstract

Peronema canescens Jack is a botanical with immunostimulant and immunosuppressive properties that is capable of modulating the immune system.
The immunomodulatory properties of fractions from et leaves, specifically the fraction made from ethyl acetate (PcEA), n-butanol solvent (PcB), and water solvent (PcW) solvents, were evaluated in vitro and then characterized using Fourier transform infrared. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gene expression were used to analyze the fraction with the best immunomodulatory activity.
Peronema canescens was extracted in 96% ethanol. A liquid-liquid partitioning method yielded PcEA, PcB, and PcW. After testing RAW 264.7 cells for immunomodulation, FT-IR characterization was performed. The fractions with the highest immunomodulatory activity metabolites were identified using GC-MS and gene expression profiling. Three replicates were prepared for each parameter assay.
All fractions at 3.1 to 50 µg/ml concentrations exhibited no toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells in the viability assay. The phagocytic capacity assay showed that all fractions significantly improved phagocytosis compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Three fractions at 1.56 µg/ml significantly enhanced nitric oxide (NO) release relative to the untreated group (p < 0.05). In contrast, PcEA at 3.13 µg/ml tended to lower NO production than the control (p > 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production revealed that all fractions at all doses significantly increased in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production of PcEA at 25 and 50 µg/ml concentrations did not differ substantially from the control (p > 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) production of PcEA at 25 and 50 µg/ml concentrations, and PcB at 12.5 µg/ml, was significantly elevated compared to the control (p < 0.05). The GC-MS analysis of PcEA revealed eight chemicals, including terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids, and siloxane. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 gene expression demonstrate that PcEA modulates the immune system.
PcEA has potential as an immunomodulatory agent in vitro. Future research should focus on the isolation and purification of the identified compound and in vivo and mechanistic studies to confirm its therapeutic potential.

PMID:
42376521
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 30 Jun 2026.

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