Authors
Mustafa T Ardah, Baraa Mohammed Yaseen, H Malathi, Subhashree Ray, R Thyagarajan, Aman Shankhyan, Rasulbek Eshmetov, Zokir Ataullaev, Manoj Kumar Mishra
Published in
Discover nano. Volume 21. Issue 1. Jul 03, 2026. Epub Jul 03, 2026.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by amyloid-beta deposition, tau pathology, synaptic dysfunction, and progressive cognitive decline. Currently approved symptomatic therapies, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine, provide modest and time-limited benefit and do not directly modify upstream disease drivers. This review synthesizes recent nanomedicine strategies that aim to bridge this gap by integrating biomarker-oriented nanosensors and imaging probes for earlier detection with targeted nanocarriers designed to overcome delivery barriers, particularly the blood-brain barrier, while improving pharmacokinetics and limiting off-target exposure. We highlight converging design principles, including stimulus-responsive release, receptor- and ligand-guided targeting, biomimetic coatings, and organelle-focused delivery to mitochondria and lysosome-autophagy pathways. Beyond repackaging existing agents, nano-enabled approaches are discussed in relation to amyloid and tau clearance or neutralization, redox and mitochondrial rescue, microglia-centered immunomodulation, and regenerative support for neuronal and neurovascular repair. To move beyond a descriptive overview, this review presents a stage-informed and pathology-guided framework for matching nanomedicine design to amyloid-predominant, tau-dominant, neuroinflammatory, mitochondrial, and advanced neurovascular phenotypes. We also evaluate translational constraints, including long-term safety, biodistribution, reproducibility, immunogenicity, scalable manufacturing, regulatory characterization requirements, and the trade-off between biological sophistication and clinical manufacturability. Finally, we distinguish platforms with nearer-term translational potential, such as selected lipid, polymeric, and extracellular vesicle-based systems, from exploratory multifunctional inorganic or highly complex biomimetic designs. This balanced framing clarifies where nanomedicine may realistically advance disease-modifying therapy while identifying evidence gaps that still limit translation.
PMID:
42397646
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 03 Jul 2026.
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