Breaking the immune "cold niche" in bone metastasis: core mechanisms of the multidimensional interwoven regulatory network and precision breakthrough strategies.

Authors

Yun Mao, Feiyu Xie, Xuelei Chu, Wanhui Zhang, Ke Dou, Beier Hu, Ling Fu, Zhixun Ding, Shijie Zhu, Wen Cao, Yongjie He

Published in

Molecular cancer. Jul 04, 2026. Epub Jul 04, 2026.

Abstract

Bone metastasis is a pivotal hallmark of advanced malignant tumors. It severely impairs the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and serves as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Most existing reviews are confined to traditional research frameworks and have not yet resolved this clinical dilemma. This paper systematically elaborates on the core mechanisms underlying the poor efficacy of immunotherapy for bone metastasis. It clarifies that the immune suppression mediated by the bone metastatic microenvironment (BME) is not induced by a single factor, but rather a consequence of the cross-regulation of immunity, metabolism, bone matrix, blood vessels, epigenetics, microbiota, and nerves. From seven dimensions-immune cell-mediated immune escape, bone matrix-immune cell crosstalk, vascular-mediated immune suppression, metabolic-immune cross-regulation, epigenetic disorders, microbiota-osteoimmune axis imbalance, and neuro-immune-bone metastasis regulation-the study comprehensively sorts out the key nodes of immunotherapy resistance and clarifies the core cellular, molecular, and microenvironmental interaction mechanisms of this cross-regulatory network. On this basis, this paper explores a multi-target combined therapeutic strategy of "breaking the vicious cycle by targeting key nodes, restoring anti-tumor immunity with ICIs, and realizing local-systemic synergism", including combined bone matrix-immune targeted therapy, immune phenotype-based precise treatment, local-systemic synergistic immunotherapy and multi-dimensional microenvironment remodeling regimens.Finally, the paper prospects future research directions, including in-depth mechanism analysis, new target development, precision diagnosis and treatment innovation, and clinical translation. It aims to systematically summarize current mechanisms and provide theoretical reference and novel insights for developing precise immunotherapeutic strategies against bone metastasis.

PMID:
42400010
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 04 Jul 2026.

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