Ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe for imaging Peroxynitrite fluxes in rheumatoid arthritis and drug-induced liver injury models.

Authors

Rong Li, Ruifang Wang, Minglu Li, Liyun Zhang

Published in

Analytica chimica acta. Volume 1416. Pages 345732. Sep 22, 2026. Epub May 27, 2026.

Abstract

Peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI), with its dynamic accumulation closely associated with disease progression. To effectively monitor the level of ONOO^- in biological system, fluorescent probes offer distinct advantages for ONOO^-, including high spatiotemporal resolution, non-invasive imaging capability, and exceptional sensitivity for detecting transient ONOO^- fluctuations in living systems. These probes enable real-time visualization of ONOO^- in inflamed joints or drug-stressed livers, facilitating early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.
Thus, a novel mitochondria-targeted ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe, DXD, was designed and synthesized via the condensation reaction of a diphenylamino-substituted xanthene with dicyanoisophorone. The incorporation of a dicyanoisophorone bridging unit enabled emission redshift into the NIR region, while a phenylboronic acid recognition group conferred rapid and selective responsiveness to ONOO^-. DXD exhibited a markedly larger Stokes shift and faster response kinetics for ONOO^-. Importantly, the original emission peak of DXD at 734 nm gradually decreased, while a new peak at 618 nm progressively emerged and intensified, enabling ratiometric detection of ONOO^-. Functionally, DXD enabled selective monitoring of dynamic fluctuations in both endogenous and exogenous ONOO^- in live cells. It is noteworthy that ONOO^- concentrations were significantly elevated in RA and DILI models compared to normal mice, providing important imaging evidence for the role of ONOO^- in disease progression.
Detecting ONOO^- levels using fluorescent probes is critically important because ONOO^- acts as a key pathogenic mediator in both RA and DILI models, driving inflammation, autoimmunity, and tissue damage. Furthermore, its real-time monitoring serves as an early and sensitive biomarker for disease progression, often showing changes before traditional clinical indicators.

PMID:
42401456
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 05 Jul 2026.

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