Authors
Elham Tahsin Yasin, Murat Koklu, Mohannad Alkanan, Yonis Gulzar
Published in
BMC oral health. Jul 11, 2026. Epub Jul 11, 2026.
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is increasingly explored in dentistry to improve workflow efficiency and support image-based analysis. This study benchmarks deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) approaches for classifying pediatric dental views using a publicly available dataset of 9,562 intraoral images from children aged 1-14 years, covering eight maxillary and mandibular view classes. Under 10-fold cross-validation, MobileNetV2 achieved the highest performance among DL models (accuracy 95.18%, F1-score 0.95, AUC 0.997), followed by InceptionV3 (93.76%) and Xception (93.07%). Among ML methods, Logistic Regression achieved 93.33% accuracy with an AUC of 0.996. A symmetry-aware architecture, DentSym, was further proposed, achieving an average accuracy of 98.92% with balanced precision, recall, and F1-score. Model interpretability was examined using Grad-CAM, indicating that predictions were based on relevant dental regions. The highest-performing model was integrated into a prototype iOS application for real-time classification as a proof of concept. However, as cross-validation was performed at the image level due to the absence of patient identifiers, the reported performance should be interpreted as an upper-bound estimate under the current experimental setting. The study provides baseline reference results for this dataset and highlights the potential of explainable, mobile-based AI systems for future dental applications.
PMID:
42436442
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Jul 2026.
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