BioGraphX: bridging the sequence-structure gap via physicochemical graph encoding for interpretable subcellular localization prediction.

Authors

Abubakar Saeed, Waseem Abbas

Published in

Bioinformatics advances. Volume 6. Issue 1. Pages vbag181. Epub Jun 23, 2026.

Abstract

Computational protein subcellular localization prediction is vital for understanding cellular mechanisms and disease treatments. However, current methods lack interpretability: they predict where a protein localizes but fail to explain why. Moreover, understanding protein behaviour requires costly, time-consuming three-dimensional structures.
Here, we propose BioGraphX, a novel encoding framework that constructs protein interaction graphs directly from sequences using biochemical rules, providing a constraint-based structural proxy. Building upon this, BioGraphX-Net demonstrates superior performance on the DeepLoc 2.0 benchmark by integrating ESM-2 (Evolutionary Scale Modeling) embeddings with the proposed features via a gating mechanism. Gating analysis shows that while ESM-2 embeddings contribute strongly, BioGraphX features function as high-precision filters. SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis reveals feature importance patterns consistent with a sophisticated biophysical logic: sequence signals act as universal exclusion filters, while organelle-specific biophysical combinations enable precise compartment discrimination. Notably, Frustration features resolve targeting ambiguities in complex compartments, reflecting evolutionary constraints while preventing mislocalization from sequence mimicry. Cross-dataset validation on a protein solubility prediction task confirms the structural proxy captures genuine biophysical signal. Additionally, BioGraphX promotes Green AI in bioinformatics, matching state-of-the-art performance with a minimal parameter count of 13.46 million. In summary, BioGraphX provides accurate predictions and new insights into the language of life.
Source code is available at https://github.com/Abubakar-Saeed/BioGraphX.

PMID:
42437290
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 12 Jul 2026.

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