Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma: immunobiology and translational implications.

Authors

Cameron M Hill, Chibueze D Nwagwu, Angel O Odukoya, Brian Hsueh, Anthony Z Wang, Gavin P Dunn

Published in

NPJ precision oncology. Volume 10. Issue 1. Jul 13, 2026. Epub Jul 13, 2026.

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) poses unique challenges to immunotherapy, owing to its low tumor mutational burden, profound antigenic heterogeneity, and highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Observations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in human GBM differ from those in syngeneic orthotopic murine models: whereas TILs in several widely used murine glioma models display an abundance of exhausted T cells, patient tumors are enriched for clonally expanded granzyme K⁺ T cells of uncertain function. We review the current understanding of the brain tumor immunity cycle in GBM, highlight the translational implications of TIL biology, and evaluate emerging TCR-based approaches, including adoptive TILs transfer, neoantigen vaccines, and engineered receptors. A refined focus on identifying and harnessing tumor-selective T cells may enable more rational, personalized immunotherapies for GBM.

PMID:
42437767
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 13 Jul 2026.

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