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PDA (Privacy-Preserving Distributed Algorithms) in action: ten principles for high-quality multi-site clinical evidence generation.

Created on 13 Jul 2026

Authors

Yong Chen, Jiayi Tong, Yiwen Lu, Rui Duan, Chongliang Luo, Marc A Suchard, Patrick B Ryan, Andrew E Williams, John H Holmes, Jason H Moore, Hua Xu, Yun Lu, Raymond J Carroll, Scott L Zeger, George Hripcsak, Martijn J Schuemie

Published in

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. Jul 13, 2026. Epub Jul 13, 2026.

Abstract

Distributed Research Networks (DRNs) offer significant opportunities for collaborative multi-site research and have significantly advanced healthcare research based on clinical observational data. However, generating high-quality real-world evidence using fit-for-use data from multi-site studies faces important challenges, including biases associated with various types of heterogeneity within and across sites and data sharing difficulties. Over the last 10 years, Privacy-Preserving Distributed Algorithms (PDA) have been developed and utilized in numerous national and international real-world studies spanning diverse domains, from comparative effectiveness research, target trial emulation, to healthcare delivery, policy evaluation, and system performance assessment. Despite these advances, there remains a lack of comprehensive and clear guiding principles for generating high-quality real-world evidence through collaborative studies leveraging the methods under PDA.
The paper aims to establish 10 principles of best practice for conducting high-quality multi-site studies using PDA. These principles cover all phases of research, including study preparation, protocol development, analysis, and final reporting.
The 10 principles for conducting a PDA study outline a principled, efficient, and transparent framework for employing distributed learning algorithms within DRNs to generate reliable and reproducible real-world evidence.

PMID:
42440280
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 13 Jul 2026.

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