AI Agents Are Coming: 5-Stage Taxonomy of Language-Based AI Systems for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Counseling.

Authors

Raphael Schuster, Constantin Yves Plessen, Per Carlbring, Andreas Walther

Published in

JMIR mental health. Volume 13. Pages e91746. Jul 13, 2026. Epub Jul 13, 2026.

Abstract

The rapid evolution of large language models has accelerated the development of agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of pursuing autonomous goals, creating an urgent need for structural frameworks in psychiatry and psychotherapy. While existing classifications often draw parallels to autonomous driving, this paper argues that the mental health domain requires a distinct, domain-specific theoretical foundation, as the 2 domains differ fundamentally in their semantic, ideographic, and epistemological demands. Furthermore, they differ in their end goals, for which we introduce terms such as agentic guidance capability. To guide clinicians and researchers through these developments, we propose a 5-stage taxonomy for language-based AI systems that differentiates technical functionality from clinical effectiveness. The taxonomy progresses from level 1 (knowledge level), in which systems perform static benchmark tasks, to level 2 (elementary level), characterized by dynamic engagement in specific therapeutic microskills. At level 3 (integration level), systems achieve consistency across and within modules, as well as basic case-level conceptualization suitable for blended therapy under human oversight. Level 4 (saturation level) describes therapist-in-the-loop systems capable of autonomous functioning with minimal supervision, whereas level 5 (mastery level) represents AI systems that are technically capable of performing autonomous therapy. By distinguishing technical functionality from clinical effectiveness, we conclude that level 4 or level 5 performance does not automatically translate into full treatment effectiveness, even if high treatment fidelity can be achieved. We conclude by emphasizing the need to shift benchmarking from static knowledge tests to dynamic evaluations of therapeutic capabilities in order to safely navigate the transition toward autonomous care.

PMID:
42440357
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 13 Jul 2026.

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