Free IL-18 in NLRC4-associated autoinflammatory disease without macrophage activation syndrome.

Authors

Mathijs Willemsen, Thea H M Schoonbrood, Emiliana Rodriguez, Willem Roosens, Ellen De Langhe, Rik Schrijvers, Cem Gabay

Published in

Rheumatology (Oxford, England). Jul 13, 2026. Epub Jul 13, 2026.

Abstract

NLRC4-associated autoinflammatory diseases (NLRC4-AID) covers a clinical spectrum from relatively mild familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome 4 (FCAS4) to life-threatening macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Free IL-18 has been shown to pathogenically promote MAS, but the pathological relevance of free IL-18 in NLRC4-AID without MAS has not been explored. We investigated free IL-18 and related cytokines in 5 germline p. S445P and 1 somatic p. V341L NLRC4-AID patients without MAS.
Clinical, genetic and laboratory data, as well as serum samples were obtained from NLRC4-AID patients without MAS. Human IL-6, soluble CD25, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, total IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-1Ra were assessed using a bead-based assay. Free IL-18 was assessed using a proprietary ELISA.
Total and free IL-18 were elevated both in the FCAS4 patients and the NLRC4-AID patient harbouring a heterozygous somatic NLRC4 variant restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Despite the association between free IL-18 and MAS, we found no relevant correlation between total and free IL-18 and laboratory markers of inflammation or MAS. Accordingly, MAS-associated cytokines IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were not elevated in NLRC4-AID patients without MAS.
Germline and somatic NLRC4-AID without MAS are associated with elevated levels of both total and free IL-18. Our findings in the somatic NLRC4-AID patient suggests that free IL-18 originating from the hematopoietic system alone is not sufficient to drive MAS. Our findings indicate that IL-18 is necessary but not sufficient to drive MAS and suggest a pathological role of IL-18 beyond MAS in NLRC4-AID. .

PMID:
42444142
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 14 Jul 2026.

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