Authors
Supriya Raghav, Santosh Kumar, Hamid Ashraf, Poonam Khanna, Alok Raghav
Published in
Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare. Volume 7. Pages 1825788. Epub Jul 01, 2026.
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus imposes a substantial economic burden on patients and healthcare systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
To evaluate longitudinal changes in direct and indirect costs of diabetes care and identify predictors of cost reduction following an educational and empowerment-based intervention.
A prospective longitudinal controlled interventional study (quasi-experimental) was conducted over 24 months among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital. Patient-level data on direct medical expenses, ancillary costs, and clinical parameters were analyzed using mixed-effects and regression models.
A significant reduction in direct cost and ancillary fees, such as travel and parking, was observed from baseline to 24 months (p<0.001). Mixed-effects modeling confirmed significant temporal reductions in costs at each follow-up (β = -3,117.05 at 24 months; 95% CI: -3,224.01 to -3,010.09). Furthermore, clusters of moderate, gradual, and high responders were identified. Multivariable regression showed that baseline cost (β = 0.582, p<0.001) and HbA1c (β = -611.53, p < 0.001) as independent predictors of cost reduction.
Education and empowerment lead to reductions in direct and indirect costs over two years, suggesting improved cost efficiency in diabetes mellitus management.
PMID:
42459752
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 16 Jul 2026.
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