Challenges in characterization of intracranial epidural hematoma.

Authors

Iman Feiz-Erfan, Christopher M Knapp, Poya Hedayati, Alexzandra K Hollingworth, Salvatore C Lettieri, Erica L Whetten, Bikash Bhattarai, Gaby A Iskander, Daniel G Gridley

Published in

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. Volume 270. Pages 109569. Jul 15, 2026. Epub Jul 15, 2026.

Abstract

Current brain injury guidelines (BIG) categorize smaller intracranial hematomas (ICH) in the BIG 1 and 2 categories, often applied to thin subdural hematomas (SDH). Epidural hematoma (EDH) are listed as BIG 3 and receive further neurosurgical attention. Yet, the challenge to radiographically differentiate EDH from other ICH, particularly SDH, has not been systematically assessed in modern times.
We retrospectively reviewed all imaging of surgically proven acute, traumatic, cranial EDH between 2007 and 2023. Radiology reports were analyzed to assess characterization of EDH. Radiographic features and radiologist sub specialization were correlated with report.
The study population consisted of 112 patients harboring 117 EDH. All but one EDH were located at the site of traumatic impact (coup). The rate for insufficiently characterizing EDH on radiology reports was 41.5% and the EDH were almost always labeled either subdural hematoma (SDH) or just extra-axial hematoma. It was higher for EDH that did not have a classic lentiform shape (70.1%), crossed the suture lines (54%), or had a thickness of 7 mm or less (67.16%). It was higher amongst general radiologists (50.9%) versus neuroradiologists (28%).
The rate of insufficient characterization in radiographic diagnosis of EDH is significant. It is particularly elevated in non-classic appearing shapes or thinner EDH. Trauma centers should be aware of this fact as these lesions often are labeled as SDH which could lead to omitting neurosurgical consultation. Considering the site of impact in the radiographic interpretation may help characterization.
Diagnostic Tests or Criteria; Level IV.

PMID:
42462362
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 17 Jul 2026.

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