Approaches to handling missing ethnicity data in primary care data research in England and Wales: a systematic review of methods.

Authors

Anna Meffen, Joanne Miksza, Safoora Gharibzadeh, Zahra Karimi, Junior Mbah Mbahnjeck, Freya Tyrer, Kamlesh Khunti, Cameron Razieh, Laura J Gray, Graham Lough

Published in

Journal of epidemiology and community health. Jul 16, 2026. Epub Jul 16, 2026.

Abstract

Ethnicity data are essential for understanding health inequalities yet incomplete data can bias analyses and undermine representation. Reporting guidelines recommend that studies report how missing data are handled as methodology varies. However, little is known about trends in ethnicity missingness method use. Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) can shape equitable practices although its role in decisions about handling missing ethnicity remains unclear. This review aimed to describe trends in handling missing ethnicity data, reporting guideline adherence and the role of PPI.
A systematic review identified approaches to handling missing ethnicity data in studies using national primary care databases in England and Wales. Medline, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and database bibliographies were searched. Approaches to handling missing ethnicity were extracted and grouped (eg, 'missing/unknown' categorisation exclusion imputation). Time trends, reporting guidelines and PPI use were summarised.
313 studies were included. Over half used Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Nearly half linked to secondary care data; only one in four supplemented ethnicity using secondary sources. The most frequent methods were 'missing/unknown' categorisation (85, 27.2%) and exclusion (83, 26.5%); 71 studies (22.7%) used imputation. Nearly one-third of studies (99) provided no or unclear details; 100 (31.9%) cited reporting guidelines. 38 studies (12.1%) mentioned PPI; none detailed PPI involvement in missing data choices.
Handling of missing ethnicity data in primary care research in England and Wales is inconsistent and poorly reported. Greater transparency is needed to improve interpretability, comparability and inclusivity of research using routine health data.

PMID:
42463437
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 17 Jul 2026.

Read full publication at:
Please sign in to see all details.

Stats

1-terrible, 9-excellent. How would you rate this publication? Sign in in to submit your rating.

Post a comment

You need to be signed in to post comments. You can sign in here.

Comments

There are no comments yet.