Does regional minimum wage modify the association between income inequality and systolic hypertension? a cross-sectional analysis of Indonesian adults.

Authors

Anindhita Saviorel Rivaldy, Bhisma Murti, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Vitri Widyaningsih, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari

Published in

Annals of epidemiology. Pages 110198. Jul 17, 2026. Epub Jul 17, 2026.

Abstract

To examine the associations of income inequality and regional minimum wage (RMW) with systolic hypertension and to assess whether RMW modifies the association between income inequality and systolic hypertension among Indonesian adults.
We analyzed data from 48,878 adults participating in the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey linked with provincial socioeconomic indicators from Statistics Indonesia. Systolic hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg. Income inequality was measured using the provincial Gini coefficient, and RMW was measured as the provincial minimum monthly wage. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interaction effects were evaluated using a Gini coefficient × RMW term and visualized using adjusted predicted probabilities.
Higher income inequality was associated with increased odds of systolic hypertension (OR = 1.014, 95% CI: 1.008-1.020), whereas higher RMW was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.912, 95% CI: 0.867-0.960). The interaction between income inequality and RMW was statistically significant (OR = 0.990, 95% CI: 0.983-0.998). Predicted probabilities indicated that the positive association between income inequality and hypertension was strongest in low-wage settings and progressively weaker at higher wage levels.
Higher regional minimum wages were associated with attenuation of the positive association between income inequality and systolic hypertension. Wage policies may be relevant to understanding socioeconomic disparities in cardiovascular health.

PMID:
42468861
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 18 Jul 2026.

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