Amblyopia in 2026: definitions, diagnosis, treatment, and emerging therapies.

Authors

Roberta Melissa Benetti Zagui

Published in

Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia. Volume 89. Issue 4. Pages e20250327. Epub Jul 20, 2026.

Abstract

Amblyopia is a leading, yet largely preventable, cause of visual impairment and is now recognized as a binocular neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by interocular suppression and widespread functional deficits. This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of amblyopia, with a focus on clinically applicable guidance. Conventional treatments-including optimal refractive correction, occlusion therapy, and pharmacologic penalization with atropine-remain highly effective when appropriately prescribed, titrated, and monitored for adherence, even among selected older children. Emerging binocular approaches, such as dichoptic digital therapies, perceptual learning, and short-term monocular deprivation, aim to restore binocular balance. Although these strategies may yield improvements in stereopsis and contrast sensitivity, their effects are generally modest and task-specific. Overall, current evidence supports the integration of traditional and novel approaches into etiology-specific, measurement-driven care pathways. Future research should prioritize functional outcomes, long-term durability, and real-world effectiveness.

PMID:
42484203
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 22 Jul 2026.

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