Green chelating IDS-Fe₃O₄ composite sensor for trace simultaneous detection of Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁺ in water samples.

Authors

Sayed Mehdi Khatami Shal, Sayed Mehdi Ghoreishi, Neda Ziaie

Published in

Chemosphere. Volume 410. Pages 145044. Jul 27, 2026. Epub Jul 27, 2026.

Abstract

Heavy metal ions such as Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁺ pose significant environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicity and persistence. In this study, a sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a tetrasodium iminodisuccinate/SiO₂-coated Fe₃O₄-modified carbon paste electrode (IDS-Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/CPE) was developed for the simultaneous determination of these metal ions using differential pulse voltammetry. The synergistic integration of SiO₂-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with IDS enhanced the electrochemical performance of the sensor by improving electron-transfer kinetics, increasing the electroactive surface area, and providing effective surface-active sites for metal-ions accumulation. Under optimized conditions (pH 1.0, 0.1 M HNO₃/NaNO₃, and 10 mg modifier), the proposed sensor exhibited dual linear ranges of 0.03-0.9 and 3.0-100 μM for Cd²⁺, 0.01-1.0 and 5.0-100 μM for Pb²⁺, and 0.004-0.9 and 3.0-90 μM for Hg²⁺, with limits of detection of 0.0097, 0.0034, and 0.0012 μM, respectively. The sensor demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance, good repeatability, and operational stability over 21 days (RSD = 3.81%). Although noticeable interference was observed for Cu²⁺, CH₃COO^-, and NH₄⁺, reliable quantitative determination of Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁺ in real environmental water samples was successfully achieved using the standard addition method, providing recoveries between 94% and 110%. Owing to its simplicity, low cost, environmental compatibility, and competitive analytical performance, the proposed sensor represents a promising platform for trace-level monitoring of heavy metal contaminants in aquatic environments.

PMID:
42508112
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 28 Jul 2026.

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