Building structure activity relationships (SAR) to avoid toxicity due to unwanted CNS ion channel activity.

Authors

Louisa A K Zolkiewski, Kimberly L Rockley, Ruth A Roberts, Hannah G Jennings, Magali-Anne Maizières, Karen Jones, James L McDonagh, Katie Newman, Ed J Griffen, Jessica E Stacey, Michael J Morton

Published in

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. Jul 30, 2026. Epub Jul 30, 2026.

Abstract

We previously described an integrated in vitro liability assay for seizure, a new approach methodology (NAM) to reduce toxicity due to central nervous system (CNS) liability in drug discovery and development. Here we report the development of SAR (structure activity relationships) to guide drug design away from this liability. SAR test compounds were selected from the Enamine REadily AccesibLe (REAL) database using pharmacophore features and similarity to previous test compounds (amoxapine, diphenhydramine, quetiapine, 4-AP, linopirdine) or to ion channel positive reference compounds (bepridil, NS1619, quinidine, verapamil, XE991). These 88 compounds (10 parent compounds and 78 structurally related derivatives) were screened by automated electrophysiology in cell lines expressing human KV2.1, NaV1.2, the α1β2γ2 GABAA or α4β2 nicotinic receptors to generate IC50 values. Across all four ion channels, the derivative compounds exhibited increased, equivalent or reduced potency compared with the parent compounds, providing a complex and rich dataset for SAR. Regarding individual pharmacophoric features, statistical analysis identified 12 features significantly associated with activity at the α4β2 nicotinic receptor; 4 of these were also significantly associated with activity at KV2.1. Selected parent compounds (amoxapine, diphenhydramine, quetiapine) and structural analogues were screened for seizure-like activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell neurons using microelectrode array. The seizure-like phenotype was altered with the derivatives, as expected from the respective ion channel IC50 values. These data provide insight into specific substructures associated with seizure-like drug toxicity, offering the opportunity to avoid CNS liability in the development of novel compounds, saving time, money and resources.

PMID:
42530889
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 30 Jul 2026.

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