Authors
Juliane Schröter, Christiaan H van Dorp, Julia Davis-Porada, John R Teijaro, Donna L Farber, Andrew J Yates
Published in
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology. Jul 24, 2026. Epub Jul 24, 2026.
Abstract
Infections and vaccinations elicit coordinated humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses that together provide protection. In addition to antibodies, pathogen-specific memory T and Bcells persist in blood and tissues, but it remains unclear how their composition and spatial distribution relate to serum antibody titers, the most common correlate of vaccine-induced protection. Understanding these relationships is essential for predicting vaccine efficacy and optimizing immunization strategies. We analyzed tissues from 58 adult human organ donors vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, including individuals with and without prior infection. Using multivariate imputation, dimensionality reduction, and correlation, regression, and causal analyses, we identified immune signatures linking memory B cell, CD4 T cell, and CD8 T cell subsets in spleen, lung, and lung-draining lymph nodes with antibody titers and neutralizing activity. Our analyses indicate that humoral immunity is driven primarily by virus-specific B cellsand CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues rather than blood, whereas tissue-localized CD8 T cell responses, although correlated with antibody levels, develop independently. These findings demonstrate that cross-sectional immune profiling across multiple tissues recapitulates established immunological principles and reveal that serum antibody responses emerge from coordinated cellular immune responses distributed throughout the body.
PMID:
42539177
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 01 Aug 2026.
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