Time to treatment initiation in pregnant women with tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa.

Authors

Sue-Ann Meehan, Anneke C Hesseling, Emma Kalk, Jennifer A Hughes, James A Seddon, Victoria E Namukuta, Muhammad Osman

Published in

PloS one. Volume 21. Issue 8. Pages e0344059. Epub Aug 03, 2026.

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) incidence peaks in women during their reproductive years and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Pregnant women with TB have a high risk of failure to initiate TB treatment and poor TB treatment and pregnancy outcomes. We determined the time to treatment initiation in pregnant women diagnosed with TB in a routine programmatic setting.
Using routine linked electronic data, we identified women 15-45 years of age with laboratory-confirmed and/or clinically diagnosed TB, October 2018-December 2020, in two high-burden sub-districts in Cape Town, South Africa. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics in women with TB by pregnancy status, used time-to-event analysis to determine the time from TB diagnosis to initiation of antituberculosis treatment and Cox regression to assess determinants of treatment initiation.
Of 5,459 women diagnosed with TB, 292 (5.3%) were pregnant. The median age for pregnant women was 28.6 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23.7-33.7) and non-pregnant women 31 years (IQR:25.2-36.5). HIV prevalence was similar in pregnant (177/292; 60.6%) vs non-pregnant (3200/5167; 61.9%) women. Median time to treatment initiation was two days for pregnant and non-pregnant women. Most (92% of non-pregnant and 89% of pregnant) women initiated treatment within the first month after their TB diagnosis, after which the rate plateaued in both groups. Time to treatment initiation over 6 months was statistically different (Kaplan Meier Log-rank test, p = 0.0064) with pregnant women lagging behind non-pregnant women.
More than 5% of women diagnosed with TB were pregnant at the time of TB diagnosis. While pregnant women with TB were appropriately initiated on treatment, almost 15% were never started on treatment and there were delays in treatment initiation. While strategic interventions to prioritise early treatment initiation are needed, there should be a specific focus on pregnant women who have not initiated treatment within one month after TB diagnosis.

PMID:
42545963
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 04 Aug 2026.

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