Claims of sex-dependent effects in the behavioral and brain sciences are infrequently supported by valid statistical comparisons.

Authors

Madeline T Olivier, Andrew W Brown, Simon Chung, Colby J Vorland, Donna L Maney

Published in

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Volume 123. Issue 32. Pages e2608703123. Aug 11, 2026. Epub Aug 04, 2026.

Abstract

Interest in precision medicine has accelerated efforts to identify sex-dependent responses to treatments and interventions. Those efforts have, both historically and today, been concentrated in fields related to the brain and behavior. Here, we show that even though articles claiming sex-dependent effects are far more prevalent in the neurosciences than in other fields, those claims are infrequently supported by appropriate statistical evidence. Of 200 recent articles in the behavioral and brain sciences with a claim of a sex- or gender-dependent effect in the title, only 24% supported the claim with appropriate evidence-that is, they compared the effect statistically across sex and reported results consistent with the claim. In 9%, an appropriate test was described but the results were incomplete or missing; another 9% contained results that directly contradicted the claim. In most articles (58%), the effect was not compared statistically across sex. Across six brain-related research areas (behavioral sciences, clinical neurology, neurosciences, psychiatry, psychology, and substance abuse), neurosciences had the lowest rate of appropriate evidence (18%) and psychology the highest (39%). Studies on nonhuman animals supported the claim significantly less frequently (15%) than studies on human participants (34%; P = 0.002). The use of appropriate analytical approaches was unrelated to journal rank or the citation impact of the article. We conclude that claims of sex- or gender-dependent effects in the behavioral and brain sciences are often not supported by appropriate evidence, revealing a widespread inferential gap that may undermine translation of sex-dependent findings into evidence-based treatments.

PMID:
42550900
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 05 Aug 2026.

Read full publication at:
Please sign in to see all details.

Stats

1-terrible, 9-excellent. How would you rate this publication? Sign in in to submit your rating.

Post a comment

You need to be signed in to post comments. You can sign in here.

Comments

There are no comments yet.