Authors
Fiona Kirkham-Wilson, Ikrah Shah, Roshan Rambukwella, Elaine Dennison
Published in
Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society. Pages 1-10. Aug 05, 2026. Epub Aug 05, 2026.
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. OA becomes more prevalent in women around the age of menopause, and it has been suggested that the decrease in estrogen at menopause may be important in the pathophysiology of OA development. The association between estrogen exposure and OA is complex; a recent meta-analysis suggested that menopause hormone therapy use may be associated with an increased risk of joint replacement, bringing this research area back into focus. This narrative review used a systematic process, adopting a life-course approach to consider relationships between reproductive factors and OA, identifying 15 papers published over a 26-year period. Increased parity, use of the oral contraceptive pill, abortion, breastfeeding and inter-menstrual years were all considered but findings varied widely between studies. We note that progesterone is rarely considered, despite animal work suggesting its importance. These data highlight the need for further research with careful measurements of confounding variables, and consideration of the role for progesterone in OA etiology.
PMID:
42554050
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 05 Aug 2026.
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