Effect of Musical Therapy on Hemodynamic Parameters and Inflammatory Markers in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Varicose Veins Under Spinal Anaesthesia.

Authors

Mohammad Pervez Alam, Neel Kamal Mishra, Ram Gopal Maurya, Rajni Gupta, Jitendra Kumar Kushwaha, Wahid Ali

Published in

Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical Association. Volume 67. Issue 2. Pages 709-717. Epub Mar 02, 2026.

Abstract

Surgical procedures are frequently accompanied by anxiety, hemodynamic instability, and inflammatory responses, which may delay recovery. Music therapy is a safe, cost-effective, non-pharmacological intervention that has been shown to reduce perioperative stress and improve patient well-being. This study assessed its effects on hemodynamic parameters, inflammatory markers, anxiety, and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery under spinal anaesthesia.
Sixty-four patients (16-65 years, ASA I-II) scheduled for elective varicose vein surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomised into two groups: control (C) and music therapy (M). Group M listened to self-selected music one hour before and during surgery, while Group C received standard care. Primary outcomes were changes in hemodynamic variables and inflammatory markers; secondary outcomes included perioperative anxiety and postoperative satisfaction.
Group M demonstrated significantly lower heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure compared with Group C (p < 0.05). Postoperative inflammatory markers were also reduced in Group M (CRP 2.75 ± 1.07 vs. 4.22 ± 1.79 mg/L; ESR 9.81 ± 3.06 vs. 13.69 ± 2.88 mm/hr; IL-6 1.56 ± 1.38 vs. 3.13 ± 3.21 pg/mL; all p < 0.01). Anxiety scores declined in Group M (39.16 ± 4.18) but increased in Group C (62.97 ± 7.77; p < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was markedly higher in the music group (p < 0.001).
Music therapy enhanced hemodynamic stability, reduced anxiety and inflammatory markers, and improved patient satisfaction in patients undergoing varicose vein surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

PMID:
42553848
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 05 Aug 2026.

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