Authors
Syed Tawassul Hassan, Anushah Faheem Ilyas, Syeda Lyba Onaiz, Naveed Ahmad, Ali Jan Yaqubi
Published in
American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice. Volume 69. Pages 100847. Epub Jul 29, 2026.
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a lethal complication of ischemic heart disease (IHD) leading to increased mortality, yet we lack information on long-term mortality patterns and disparities that exist among CS patients with IHD. Our study assesses temporal trends and demographic variations in mortality associated with IHD and CS in the United States.
We analyzed the CDC WONDER database for adults aged ≥45 years from 1999 to 2024. Deaths listing both IHD and CS as underlying or contributing causes were extracted. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population were calculated, and temporal trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression to estimate the annual percent change (APC).
Overall, 304,230 mortalities were recorded from 1999 to 2024. The overall AAMR decreased from 14 to 10.9 over the study period. However, after initial declines, a noticeable trend reversal occurred, with rates rising sharply from 2011 to 2021 (APC: 4.39). Males exhibited a twofold higher average AAMR than females (13.1 vs. 6.8). Non-Hispanic (NH) American Indians averaged the highest AAMR (11.2) and exhibited a sustained mortality increase spanning nearly the entire study period. Regionally, the highest rates were observed in the South (9.8) and in non-metropolitan areas (10.7).
Despite an overall 25-year decline, mortality from IHD and CS surged significantly between 2011 and 2021. Persistent disparities among males, NH American Indians, older individuals, and rural populations highlight the need for targeted interventions.
PMID:
42571209
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 09 Aug 2026.
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