How illegal wildlife trade adheres to and defies conventional market behavior.

Authors

Greg Midgette, Meredith L Gore

Published in

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Volume 123. Issue 33. Pages e2525056123. Aug 18, 2026. Epub Aug 10, 2026.

Abstract

Illegal wildlife markets comprise a complex global economy generating criminal profits while harming biodiversity and livelihoods. The negative externalities from biodiversity loss, ecosystem destabilization, and zoonotic disease risk may be orders of magnitude larger than the multibillion dollar annual total market value. Despite decades of international policy attention, fundamental economic characteristics of these markets remain poorly understood. We suggest distinguishing three categories of illegally traded wildlife products based on product durability and intended use: luxury durable goods, nondurable products processed to be food or medicine, and live or perishable exotic pets and plants. Through case studies of elephant ivory, pangolin scales, and succulent plants, we characterize market organization, pricing structures, supply network architecture, and regulatory vulnerabilities across product types. Our analysis suggests illegal wildlife markets exhibit economic characteristics distinguishing them from other illegal markets, including biological production constraints creating absolute supply limits, opportunistic supply networks exploiting existing legal trade infrastructure, and extreme markup structures leaving harvesters with a fraction of final retail value. We conclude by proposing the concept of Accelerating Demand for Novel or eXclusive Assets, or AD NOXA, which describes how scarcity may paradoxically increase rather than decrease the appeal of consuming certain wildlife markets. This paradox creates feedback loops that may drive species toward extinction, despite-or because of-protective regulations and fundamentally limits the effectiveness of supply-side interventions. Policy responses may be more effective when they integrate supply-side enforcement with demand reduction strategies tailored to the distinct characteristics of illegal wildlife markets.

PMID:
42574631
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 11 Aug 2026.

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