Dual-type dynamic covalent chitosan/whey protein/Sr-doped bioactive glass carriers for hydrophobic compounds: injectable hydrogels and porous scaffolds.

Authors

Szymon Salagierski, Weronika Gura, Patrycja Domalik-Pyzik, Elżbieta Menaszek, Timothy E L Douglas, Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska, Michał Dziadek

Published in

Carbohydrate polymers. Volume 389. Pages 125652. Oct 01, 2026. Epub Jul 15, 2026.

Abstract

Chitosan hydrogel-based systems are recognized as versatile platforms for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. However, incorporating hydrophobic bioactive substances remains a significant challenge, typically addressed through complex chemical modifications such as chitosan hydrophobization. This study introduces a straightforward strategy to incorporate lipophilic compounds - retinol and resveratrol - into chitosan hydrogel-based materials using whey protein isolate (WPI) as an amphiphilic carrier. They were developed as preformed injectable hydrogels and porous scaffolds. The hydrogel network was formed using dextran dialdehyde as crosslinking agent, which created dynamic Schiff base linkages with amino groups of chitosan and potentially WPI. The incorporation of WPI was critical, as its hydrophobic pockets stabilized the lipophilic actives. Additionally, strontium-doped silicate bioactive glass (Sr-SBG) contributed to secondary network stabilization; calcium and strontium ions modified electrostatic interactions, while silicate ions were suggested to promote dynamic covalent ester bonding, improving mechanical strength, self-healing, and injectability. The synergy between WPI and Sr-SBG enabled sustained release and reduced burst release, with retinol showing prolonged release. Materials demonstrated high cytocompatibility and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species in macrophages. These findings highlight the potential of WPI-assisted, Sr-SBG-reinforced chitosan hydrogel-based systems as tunable biomaterials for regenerative therapies and controlled drug delivery.

PMID:
42586680
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 13 Aug 2026.

Read full publication at:
Please sign in to see all details.

Stats

1-terrible, 9-excellent. How would you rate this publication? Sign in in to submit your rating.

Post a comment

You need to be signed in to post comments. You can sign in here.

Comments

There are no comments yet.