Female-Specific Echocardiography-Derived Cardiac Responses To The Cold Pressor Test.

Authors

Emily K Van Berkel, Amélie Debray, Shannon I Delage, Brittany K Schwende, Sarah A Mackie, Rachel N Lord, Charlotte W Usselman

Published in

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). Aug 14, 2026. Epub Aug 14, 2026.

Abstract

We previously demonstrated heterogenous vascular resistance (VR) responses to the cold pressor test (CPT) in females. Since cardiac output (CO) is a key determinant of the pressor response, we prospectively examined cardiac contributions to the CPT, hypothesizing that females would exhibit heterogeneous cardiac and vascular responses to the CPT. Nineteen healthy females (24±3 yrs, body mass index 22.9±1.9 kg/m2) and a comparator group of 9 males (23±3 yr, 24.8±1.6 kg/m2) completed a 3-min CPT including continuous measures of mean arterial pressure (MAP; finger photoplethysmography), CO (stroke volume (SV) [echocardiogram] x heart rate (HR) [3-lead electrocardiogram]), and femoral VR (FVR; MAP/femoral blood flow [duplex ultrasound]). The magnitude of CPT-induced changes (Δ) in MAP (p=0.96), HR (p=0.59), CO (p=0.09), and %FVR (p=0.46) were not different between sexes; ΔSV was smaller in females (1.0±5.0 vs. 5.0±3.0 mL, p=0.03). ΔSV responses were distinctly heterogeneous in female participants; females demonstrating positive ΔSV (SVINC; n=10) and negative ΔSV (SVDEC; n=9) were subdivided for subsequent analyses. SVINC had higher ΔSV (5.0±3.0 vs. -3.0 ±2.0mL; p<0.001; by design) and ΔCO (1.11±0.48 vs. 0.47±0.43 L/min; p=0.01) but lower ΔTPR (median: -2 [IQR: 3] vs. 1 [2] mmHg/L/min; p=0.008). %FVR (p=0.87), ΔHR (p=0.13), or ΔMAP (p=0.85) did not differ between subgroups. Among all females, ΔSV was positively associated with ΔCO and negatively associated with ΔTPR but not ΔFVR, ΔHR, or ΔMAP, indicating that heterogeneous SV responses in females may be offset by systemic vascular resistance responses and do not impact the overall magnitude of the pressor response to the CPT.

PMID:
42596811
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 14 Aug 2026.

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