SMAD6 is required for normal foregut development in humans and frogs.

Authors

Vivien Pagan, Scott A Rankin, Nicole A Edwards, Konrad Thorner, Shangqian Xie, Wendy K Chung, Yufeng Shen, Aaron M Zorn, James M Wells

Published in

Development (Cambridge, England). Aug 14, 2026. Epub Aug 14, 2026.

Abstract

Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) are congenital malformations of the foregut, and we identified two EA/TEF patients with two variants in the BMP/TGFβ repressor SMAD6. We investigated the function of SMAD6 in tracheoesophageal development using two orthogonal approaches in Xenopus embryos, both resulting in foregut malformations including EA/TEF. We then used human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived foregut epithelium and mesenchyme to explore the separate roles of SMAD6 in these germ layers. CRISPR-mediated disruption of human SMAD6 caused an increase in BMP signaling in foregut epithelium and mesenchyme consistent with its role as a BMP repressor. Loss of SMAD6 caused patterning defects in both tissue types; SMAD6-/- endoderm shows increased expression of distal gut tube markers and SMAD6-/- mesenchyme shows increased expression of ventral and posterior markers including markers of cardiac and liver mesenchyme lineages. Furthermore, SMAD6-/- mesenchyme had decreased ability to form CD31-positive endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that SMAD6 is required for foregut development and that rare variants in this gene are likely causative for foregut malformations in EA/TEF patients.

PMID:
42598955
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 14 Aug 2026.

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