PEPTiGEN: a tool for mining antimicrobial resistance PEPTides using GENe data of public available repositories.

Authors

Lisa M Meekes, Francesco Tabaro, Michiel L Bexkens, Dimard E Foudraine, Lennard J M Dekker, Theo M Luider, Nikolaos Strepis, Corné H W Klaassen, Wil H F Goessens

Published in

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). Aug 18, 2026. Epub Aug 18, 2026.

Abstract

Detecting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains challenging due to the complexity and evolution of resistance mechanisms. Liquid chromatography online coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) offers a promising diagnostic tool. Its success, however, depends on an up-to-date database which can be used to target AMR specific peptides.
We present PEPTiGEN, a computational tool that automatically generates tryptic peptides for any prokaryotic gene and its variants. PEPTiGEN was validated both in silico and in vitro, showing 99% accuracy compared to manually generated tryptic peptides and 98% compared to experimental mass spectrometry data. To demonstrate its potential, we used PEPTiGEN to generate the first AMR peptide database by screening publicly available nucleotide AMR sequences using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). Together, PEPTiGEN and the AMR peptide database are cornerstones for advancing LC-MS/MS applications in AMR detection and clinical diagnostics.
The PEPTiGEN code and AMR peptide database are publicly available at github (https://github.com/ftabaro/inspection) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21196702).
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID:
42610690
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 18 Aug 2026.

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