Vaccinations in patients with interstitial lung diseases: a narrative review.

Authors

Giovanni Franco, Umberto Zanini, Giulia Peri, Isabella Galbardi, Samuele Promi, Sofia Maria Mazzotta, Paola Faverio, Raphaël Borie, Fabrizio Luppi, Bruno Crestani

Published in

European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society. Volume 35. Issue 181. Epub Aug 18, 2026.

Abstract

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of lung disorders marked by progressive fibrosis and increased vulnerability to respiratory infections, which can trigger sudden outbreaks and worsen outcomes. Vaccination is a key preventive strategy in ILD patients to reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality. This review examines the importance of immunisation in individuals with ILDs, with particular emphasis on influenza, pneumococcal and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines endorsed by major health organisations. Despite evidence of their effectiveness, vaccination rates among patients with ILD remain low. Tailored vaccine strategies may enhance protection in this group. Additionally, although data are limited, immunisations against respiratory syncytial virus, Haemophilus influenzae, varicella-zoster virus, and pertussis may provide additional protection, particularly in older adults and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatitis B vaccination should also be considered for patients on immunosuppressive therapies to prevent infection. Healthcare providers should actively encourage vaccination and address obstacles to immunisation in ILD patients. More research is necessary to assess the safety, effectiveness and optimal vaccination approaches for this vulnerable group. Ultimately, implementing systematic vaccination programmes and clear clinical guidelines is essential to improve preventive care and health outcomes for those with ILDs.

PMID:
42613077
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 19 Aug 2026.

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