Comparison of microhardness, surface roughness, retain-->Candida albicans adhesion, and color stability among TiO₂-coated and uncoated conventional, milled, and 3D printed denture base materials.

Authors

Merve Koseoglu, Harshdeep Bhatia, Christos G Takoudis, Gulcin Akca, Mustafa Altindis, Funda Bayindir, Cortino Sukotjo

Published in

The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. Aug 18, 2026. Epub Aug 18, 2026.

Abstract

Studies investigating the effect of the titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coating on the microhardness, surface roughness, Candida albicans (C albicans) adhesion, and color change of conventionally manufactured, milled, and printed denture bases are lacking.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microhardness, surface roughness, C albicans adhesion, and color change of different TiO₂-coated and noncoated denture bases.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) disks were fabricated using different fabrication methods: conventionally heat polymerized, milled, and 3 dimensionally (3D) printed (N=240). Half of the specimens' surfaces were coated with TiO₂ by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The microhardness of specimens was measured, yielding Vickers hardness numbers. Surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. C albicans adhesion was quantified as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Color difference between coated and noncoated specimens was evaluated using the CIEDE2000 formula. Factorial and 2-way ANOVA and the Pearson correlation analyses were used for statistical analyses (α=.05).
The production method and the coating status of the specimens affected the microhardness, surface roughness, and C albicans adhesion (P<.001). Surface roughness and C albicans adhesion were positively correlated (P<.001, r=0.904). The color change between TiO₂-coated and noncoated specimens was affected by the color and production method (P<.001).
TiO₂-coated, milled specimens demonstrated the highest microhardness, lowest surface roughness, and reduced C albicans adhesion. The original pink-colored, milled specimens showed the least color change. Milled PMMAs are processed under high pressure and temperature, resulting in lower residual monomer levels, reduced porosity, and improved material properties.

PMID:
42613267
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 19 Aug 2026.

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