Penile Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Genotype Co-Detection Patterns in US Men: A Nationally Representative Analysis, 2013-2016.

Authors

Thomas A Beltran, Christopher Tarney, Anton Khrystenko, Phu T Huynh, Carlos J Maldonado

Published in

Journal of medical virology. Volume 98. Issue 8. Pages e71116.

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) surveillance often treats genotypes as independent events. However, shared host, behavioral, biological, and assay-related factors may produce non-independent genotype co-detection patterns. We quantified the burden and observed co-detection patterns of penile HPV in a nationally representative sample of US men to establish a descriptive reference for future surveillance. We analyzed men aged 18-59 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016. Penile swabs were assayed using the Roche Linear Array. We estimated the population prevalence of multi-type burden, phenotype mixing (phylogenetic and carcinogenic), and co-detection estimates (observed-to-expected [O/E] ratios) for the most commonly observed genotype dyads and triads. Among 3374 men, the survey-weighted prevalence of any penile HPV was 44.1% (95% CI, 40.5-47.7). Co-detection was frequent. Among HPV-positive men, 46.0% (43.0-49.0) harbored genotypes from two or more alpha species groups. For common genotype dyads, co-detection consistently exceeded independence expectations (O/E range 1.84-4.11). The largest dyad O/E ratio was observed for HPV53 and HPV62 (O/E 4.11 [95% CI, 2.76-6.12]). Triad co-detection exceeded marginal-independence expectations, with O/E ratios reaching 27.53 for the combination of HPV6, HPV53, and HPV62. Among selected common dyads and triads, penile HPV co-detection in US men exceeded marginal-prevalence independence expectations. These reference estimates provide a descriptive baseline for future studies of changing genotype co-detection patterns.

PMID:
42621777
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 20 Aug 2026.

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