Authors
France J Clarke, Marilyn Swinton, Jill Rudkowski, Jeff Overington, Jorden Younger, Felida Toledo, Glenn Harkness, Kasey Ouwendyk, Neala Hoad, Preeya Hanmiah, Jennifer Gain, Kristy Obrovac, Michelle Kho, Breanne Urqhart, Parnell Culhane, Dan Perri, Katryn Love, Aji John, Mark Soth, Erick Huaileigh Duan, Kimberley A Lewis, Kallirroi Laiya Carayannopoulos, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Tania Ligori, Roman Jaeschke, Andrew Healey, Matthew Bell, Joseph Pellizzari, Stefanie Piatek, Diane Heels-Ansdell, Deborah J Cook
Published in
BMJ open. Volume 16. Issue 8. Pages e119846. Aug 20, 2026. Epub Aug 20, 2026.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand experiences of patients, families and clinicians with the Footprints Project - a tool used to counter the unintentional dehumanisation of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Qualitative descriptive study.
29-bed university-affiliated ICU.
Of 66 participants, 7 were survivors of critical illness, 19 were family members of survivors or decedents and 40 were clinicians representing 10 different professions.
The Footprints Project uses a written form to record personal details about each patient, then excerpts are transcribed onto a whiteboard in each patient's room. Patients and family members were invited to participate in semistructured interviews or focus groups after ICU discharge (October 2024-August 2025). Clinicians were invited by email (January 2025-May 2025). Focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and anonymised.
Perspectives and experiences of patients, family members and clinicians.
Data collection was primarily in-person for patients and families (17 of 26, 65.3%), and virtual for clinicians (36 of 40, 90.0%). Qualitative content analysis of transcripts revealed three categories related to identity, inclusivity and impact. Footprints was experienced as a tool to highlight personhood by bringing patients into view, individualising conversations and encouraging use of preferred names. Features fostering inclusivity include increasing awareness of vulnerabilities, facilitating culturally-sensitive care and helping to avoid errant assumptions. Patients valued being acknowledged as a person. Families valued recognition of their loved one as an individual. Clinicians found shared humanity through Footprints. Participants identified barriers to consistent use, underscoring implementation challenges; they also shared ideas for more intentional, consistent utilisation.
The Footprints Project was viewed as a relational tool, reflecting a patient-facing approach to person-centred, family-partnered care that supports humanism in healthcare. Future work should include structured implementation strategies and assess how Footprints can be sustained and embedded into practice.
PMID:
42624597
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 21 Aug 2026.
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