Authors
Yuta Takano, Isa Okajima, Yukiyoshi Sumi, Hiroshi Kadotani, NinJa Sleep Study Group
Published in
Sleep medicine. Volume 148. Pages 109227. Aug 20, 2026. Epub Aug 20, 2026.
Abstract
Previous research findings on the association between chronotype and depressive symptoms have relied on cross-sectional studies, and the temporal relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to examine whether insomnia symptoms modify the longitudinal association between chronotype and depressive symptoms.
This study was an 8-year longitudinal study of 1549 adults who completed the baseline survey. Insomnia symptoms and chronotype were assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index and the Circadian Energy Scale. The presence of depressive symptoms was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher.
Evening chronotype and insomnia symptoms were associated with depressive symptoms (evening: odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08 to 2.78; insomnia symptoms: OR = 4.78, 95% CI = 3.89 to 5.87). In the incidence of depressive symptoms, the interaction between chronotype and insomnia symptoms was significant, with the presence of insomnia symptoms increasing the risk across all chronotypes (morning: relative risk [RR] = 5.20, 95% CI = 1.97 to 13.75, risk difference [RD] = 15.73%; intermediate: RR = 3.39, 95% CI = 2.54 to 4.52, RD = 12.04%; evening: RR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.59, RD = 7.28%). In the persistence of depressive symptoms, only insomnia symptoms were significant (RR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.34, 2.27], RD = 18.67%).
These findings suggest that the association between chronotype and depressive symptoms differs by insomnia status and is specific to the incidence of depressive symptoms, but not the persistence of depressive symptoms.
PMID:
42632380
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 23 Aug 2026.
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