Molecular cartography of breast cancer: decoding genomes, heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment for personalized targeted therapeutics.

Authors

Ashik Anil Mathew, Kannan Ramalingam, Diya Gibu, K P Muhammed Hashim, S Aravind Raj, Nijin Samuel Raju, H C Ujwal

Published in

Molecular biology reports. Volume 53. Issue 1. Aug 25, 2026. Epub Aug 25, 2026.

Abstract

Breast cancer is a multi-stage disease that unfolds with the utmost complexity and heterogeneity of various cell types; thus, the unraveling of its molecular mechanisms is required to develop improved therapeutic strategies. This review tries to dissect the complex landscape related to changes in gene expression control dynamics in breast cancer. The large area of gene mutations is discussed, pointing out their important part in the pathogenesis of the disease. The article further explains the heterogeneity of tumors, unwinding the hormone receptor pathways responsible for the variability in disease presentation. We also conducted a thorough examination of the tumor microenvironment, uncovering the complex involvement of immune cells in both protecting against and promoting tumor growth. This analysis uncovered tactics employed by tumors to evade the immune system. All in all, this review has strong implications for the understanding of molecular mechanisms and subsequently provides a background for current improvements in targeted therapy. The use of illustrative figures aids in enhancing the understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer.

PMID:
42640393
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 26 Aug 2026.

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