Authors
Sadiq Noor Khan, Hassan Moghtaderi, Ebrahimi Amirhossein, Saeed Mohammadi, Satya Kumar Avula, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Shahid Duran, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman, Ajmal Khan, René Csuk, Ali Rostami, Ahmed Al-Harrasi
Published in
Chemistry & biodiversity. Volume 23. Issue 8. Pages e71611.
Abstract
In the current work, a new series of novel Δ2-pyrazoline-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a-6j and 7a-7f) were synthesized, followed by in situ biological evaluation to assess their antiproliferative and immunomodulatory potential against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), HUVECs, and PBMCs. The compounds demonstrated antiproliferative effects with IC50 values ranging from 116.92 to 549.73 µM. Seven compounds (6c, 6f, 6h, 6i, 7b, 7e, and 7f) exhibited promising antiproliferative activities with IC50 values below 140 µM in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compound 7f demonstrated the highest antiproliferative effect with IC50 values of 116.92 µM in MDA-MB-231 and 124.72 µM in MCF-7, with an acceptable cytotoxicity profile in normal HUVEC cells (IC50 = 208.41 µM); thus, immunomodulatory effects of 7f on checkpoint signaling were further evaluated. Compound 7f showed a dose-dependent increase of TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3 expression in CD3+ T cells. These changes may enhance responsiveness to checkpoint-targeted therapies while reflecting complex regulation of T-cell function. In silico target fishing and molecular docking reflect calpain as a probable target for 7f, while DFT analysis indicates electrophilic and nucleophilic positions within 7f may help its interaction with the target. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation supports strong binding of 7f with binding energy (-22.259 ± 4.71 kcal mol-1).
PMID:
42644765
Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on 26 Aug 2026.
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